静动荷载作用下小麦剪切特性试验研究

为研究静动载荷作用下的粮食剪切特性,利用开发的新型粮食动直剪仪,设计了孔隙率为39%、36%、33%以及竖向压力为50、100、150、200k Pa下的小麦单调直剪、往复剪切及往复后单调直剪试验,研究了小麦静动力剪切特性,并对比分析了小麦单调直剪与往复后单调直剪的强度、变形结果。研究结果表明:单调直剪试验中,同一孔隙率下,竖向压力越大,其软化现象越明显,剪胀现象越不明显,剪胀角越小,竖向压力为50、100、150、200k Pa下对应的剪胀角分别为4.5°、3.6°、2.4°、0.7°;同一竖向压力下,随着小麦孔隙率减小,其软化现象越明显,内摩擦角也越大,孔隙率为39%、36%、33%的小麦对应的内摩擦角分别为22.2°、24.4°、28.1°。剪胀角也随着小麦孔隙率减小而增大,对应的剪胀角分别为1.3°、3.6°、9.9°;往复剪切试验中,孔隙率越小,小麦往复剪切软化现象越明显,剪缩现象越不明显,最大剪缩量越小,孔隙率为39%、36%、33%的小麦对应的最大剪缩量分别为2.77、1.74、1.15 mm。往复后单调直剪与单调直剪试验结果对比表明,往复后单调直剪的小麦抗剪强度明显增大,其剪胀现象更明显,最大剪胀量也增大。试验结果可为粮仓结构安全性设计,尤其是粮仓结构动力分析提供依据。     

玉米秸秆炭和典型农业废弃物混合成型与燃烧特性试验

以玉米秸秆炭和玉米秸秆、苹果枝、沼渣、菌渣为原料,在成型压力为6 MPa的条件下,研究了不同混配比例混合燃料的成型特性,并在此基础上探讨了特定混配比例下的混合样品燃烧特性。研究结果表明:农业废弃物质量分数、种类对混合成型燃料稳定性均有影响,农业废弃物占70%比例时混合成型燃料的抗跌碎强度均大于99.50%;玉米秸秆对成型燃料的稳定性影响最为明显,其质量分数大于30%时,成型燃料抗跌碎强度达到99.68%以上,而沼渣和菌渣质量分数大于50%时,其成型燃料的抗跌碎强度分别超过99.11%和99.71%;苹果枝质量分数大于60%,其成型燃料抗跌碎强度超过99.34%;4种成型燃料的能量密度与原料相比分别提高14.93、11.36、11.74、14.53 GJ/m~3;堆积密度分别提高792.99、596.92、605.63、820.12 kg/m~3。该研究为农业废弃物新型成型燃料的开发提供了基础支撑。     

夹茎式番茄钵苗取苗机构设计与试验

为避免取苗机构在夹取钵苗过程中对钵体与根系造成损伤，该研究针对夹茎取苗方式，提出一种基于二阶椭圆齿轮行星轮系以及凸轮摆杆机构的夹茎式番茄钵苗取苗机构。依据二阶椭圆齿轮传动特性与机构工作原理，建立机构运动学理论模型，并对凸轮轮廓曲线进行设计，结合番茄钵苗取苗作业要求及机构特点，基于MATLAB软件开发机构分析软件对机构参数进行优化，并进一步分析优化后取苗轨迹与凸轮各工作段的对应位置关系，建立了夹茎式取苗机构虚拟样机模型，利用ADAMS软件对取苗机构运动过程进行仿真分析，验证机构参数优化结果及零部件结构设计的准确性与合理性。试制取苗机构物理样机开展高速摄影试验，通过对比分析实际工作轨迹与理论分析及仿真轨迹的一致性，验证了取苗机构设计的正确性。搭建自动取苗试验台进行取苗试验。试验结果表明，取苗机构工作性能可靠、稳定，取苗频率为80株/min时，取苗成功率为92%，投苗成功率为94.2%，伤苗率为2.9%。研究结果可为番茄钵苗全自动移栽机自动取苗机构的研发提供参考。     

Urban permeability for birds: An approach combining mobbing-call experiments and circuit theory

The urban matrix was recently shown to be a mosaic of heterogeneous dispersal habitats. We conducted a playback experiment of mobbing calls to examine the probabilities of forest birds to cross a distance of 50 m over urban matrix with different land-cover types in an urban area. We treated the reciprocal of the crossing probabilities as a movement resistance for forest birds. We drew resistance surfaces based on the land-cover maps of urban Sapporo. We applied a circuit theory to examine the relative role of a detour route consisting of a riparian corridor and urban matrix for dispersing forest bird individuals from continuous forest to an isolated green space in the midst of an urban area. Our results showed that wood cover had the highest crossing probability, while open land (grassland and pavement) had the lowest probabilities. Buildings and water surface displayed an intermediate probability. Resistance surfaces and flow maps at 25- and 50-m resolutions were very similar and suggested that dispersing individuals are likely to use the intervening building areas that dominate the urban matrix rather than detour through riparian corridors. Our results showed the useful combination of experimental approaches and circuit theory, and the importance of the spatial configuration of corridors, as well as the composition and management of dispersal habitats, to landscape connectivity.     

Sugar beet rotation effects on soil organic matter and calculated humus balance in Central Germany

In order to quantify the influence of land use systems on the level of soil organic matter (SOM) to develop recommendations, long-term field studies are essential. Based on a crop rotation experiment which commenced in 1970, this paper investigated the impact of crop rotations involving increased proportions of sugar beet on SOM content. To this end, soil samples were taken in 2010 and 2012 from the following crop rotation sequences: sugar beet–sugar beet–winter wheat–winter wheat (SB–SB–WW–WW = 50%), sugar beet–sugar beet–sugar beet–winter wheat (SB–SB–SB–WW = 75%), sugar beet–grain maize (SB–GM = 50%) and sugar beet-monoculture (SB = 100%); these were analysed in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content, MBC/TOC ratio and the TOC stocks per hectare. In addition, humus balances were created (using the software REPRO, reference period 12 years) in order to calculate how well the soil was supplied with organic matter. In the field experiment, harvest by-products (WW and GM straw as well as SB leaves) were removed. After 41 years, no statistically significant differences were measured between the crop rotations for the parameters TOC, MBC, MBC/TOC ratio and the TOC stock per hectare. However, the calculated humus balance was significantly affected by the crop rotation. The calculated humus balance became increasingly negative in the order SB–SB–WW–WW, SB–SB–SB–WW, SB monoculture and SB–GM, and correlated with the soil parameters. The calculated humus balances for the reference period did not reflect the actual demand for organic matter by the crop rotations, but instead overestimated it.     

体育院校大学生参加开放性实验的现状、问题与对策分析 ——以广州体育学院为例

目的：分析探讨开放性实验的现状及存在的问题，旨在提高体育院校开放性实验教学质量，培养综合素质高与专业能力强的有用人才。方法：运用资料分析法对广州体育学院十年来积累的开放性实验教学资料进行研究。结果：（1）开放性实验形成了比较有效的教学模式；（2）历年参加开放性实验的学生人数占当年在校生人数比例非常高；（3）开放性实验科目内容丰富，以验证性实验为主，兼顾综合性和设计性实验；（4）开放性实验教学效果比较满意，教学质量较高。（5）改进开放性实验教学方式、构建独立的实验教学体系等措施可以有效解决体育类大学生参加开放性实验存在的一些问题。结论：体育类大学生参加开放性实验能够有效地巩固所学理论知识，促进专业水平的发展，培养独立分析问题及解决问题的能力。     

Long-term fertilization effects on active ammonia oxidizers in an acidic upland soil in China

The effects of long-term fertilization of acidic soils on ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) communities and its ecological implications remain poorly understood. We chose an acidic upland soil site under long-term (27-year) fertilization to investigate ammonia oxidizer communities under four different regimes: mineral N fertilizer (N), mineral NPK fertilizer (NPK), organic manure (OM) and an unfertilized control (CK). Soil net nitrification rates were significantly higher in OM soils than in CK, N or NPK soils. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of amoA genes by DNA-based stable isotope probing revealed that AOA dominate in CK, N and NPK soils, while AOB dominate in OM soils. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone library analyses of amoA genes revealed that Group 1.1a-associated AOA (also referred to as Nitrosotalea) were the most dominant active AOA population (>92%), while Nitrosospira Cluster 3 and Cluster 9 were predominant among active AOB communities. The functional diversity of active ammonia oxidizers in acidic soils is affected by long-term fertilization practices, and the responses of active ammonia oxidizers to mineral fertilizer and organic manure are clearly different. Our results provide strong evidence that AOA are more highly adapted to growth at low pH and low substrate availability than AOB, and they suggest that the niche differentiation and metabolic diversity of ammonia oxidizers in acidic soils are more complex than previously thought.     

Effects of cover crop growth and decomposition on the distribution of aggregate size fractions and soil microbial carbon dynamics

Although the effects of cover crops (CC) on various soil parameters have been fully investigated, less is known about the impacts at different stages in CC cultivation. The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of CC cultivation stages and residue placement on aggregates and microbial carbon (C_mic). Additionally, the influence of residue location and crop species on CO₂ emissions and leached mineralized nitrogen (N_min) during the plant degradation period was also investigated. Within an incubation experiment, four CC species were sown in soil columns, with additional columns being kept plant‐free. After plant growth, the columns were frozen (as occurs in winter under field conditions) and then incubated with the plant material either incorporated or surface‐applied. With CC, concentrations of large and medium macroaggregates were twice that of the fallow, confirming positive effects of root growth. Freezing led to a decrease in these aggregate size classes. In the subsequent incubation, the large macroaggregates decreased far more in the samples with CC than in the fallow, leading to similar aggregate size distributions. No difference in C_mic concentration was found among the CC cultivation stages. CO₂ emissions were roughly equivalent to the carbon amounts added as plant residues. Comparison of columns with incorporated or surface‐applied residues indicated no consistent pattern of aggregate distribution, CO₂ emission or C_mic and N_min concentrations. Our results suggest that positive effects of CC cultivation are only short term and that a large amount of organic material in the soil could have a greater influence than CC cultivation.     

基于正交试验的花生种养结合栽培方式研究

种养结合是农业循环经济发展的重要措施之一。通过正交试验设计,分析了不同种植密度、复合肥用量、腐熟干粪用量对花生生长发育及产量的影响。分析结果表明:1)三因素中高钾复合肥用量对花生的生长发育及产量影响最大。2)13-10-20高钾复合肥用量为300kg/hm2的处理组合普遍表现出植株较高、分枝数较多、单株结果数多等特点。3)产量分析结果显示:最优处理组合为种植密度120 000穴/hm2、高钾复合肥300kg/hm2、腐熟干粪30kg/hm2,同时影响产量大小的因素顺序为:高钾复合肥腐熟干粪种植密度。     

Effects of Rice Variety and Growth Location in Cambodia on Grain Composition and Starch Structure简

The effects of variety and growth location on grain composition and starch structures were investigated using three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (Phka Romduol, Sen Pidao and IR66) with different amylose contents. All the three cultivars were planted in three different agro-climatic zones (Phnom Penh, Coastal and Plateau) of Cambodia. The protein content of polished grains increased when rice was planted at a location with higher average temperature, but their lipid content decreased. The amylose content and degree of branching were not greatly affected by the minor temperature differences among the growing locations. Starch fine structures characterized by the chain-length distribution were significantly different among the cultivars, but not significantly among different locations. The results suggested that protein and lipid biosyntheses were more sensitive to the environmental temperature than that of starch in rice grains.